Calculate the number and spacing of nails, screws, or bolts needed for timber and lumber connections.
For structural connections, 8 inches (200 mm) on center is a common starting point. Always check the fastener manufacturer's recommendations and your local building code for specific requirements based on timber species, fastener diameter, and load conditions.
Edge distance is measured perpendicular to the grain, from the fastener to the nearest edge. End distance is measured parallel to the grain, from the fastener to the end of the timber. Both minimums prevent the timber from splitting.
Double-row staggered patterns are used for wider timber connections, laminated beams, and when a single row doesn't provide enough capacity. Staggering reduces the risk of splitting along the grain.
Bolt spacing depends on bolt diameter. Minimum spacing is typically 4× the bolt diameter along the row, with 3× minimum between rows. End distance should be at least 7× diameter for tension loads. Always verify with engineering tables or codes.
Perimeter fastening is used when attaching sheet goods like plywood or OSB to timber frames. Fasteners are placed around the edges of the panel at regular intervals to secure it to the structure beneath.